In my blog, I aim to explore various aspects of healthcare, including disease prevention, health promotion, diagnosis, treatment, and management of medical conditions. I will cover topics related to various healthcare settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and community health centers. My blog will also touch upon healthcare policies, healthcare technology, and the latest medical research and breakthroughs
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Wednesday 8 May 2013
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reast cancer advocacy uses the pink ribbon and the color pink as a concept brand to raise money and increase screening. The breast cancer brand is strong: people who support the "pink brand" are members of the socially aware niche market, who are in favor of improved lives for women, believe in positive thinking, trust biomedical science to be able to solve any problem if given enough money, and prefer curative treatments to prevention.[4][5]
Tuesday 7 May 2013
About Cancer
About Cancer Biography
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The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer
By:
Siddhartha Mukherjee
Scribner
The Emperor of All Maladies is a magnificent, profoundly humane “biography” of cancer—from its first documented appearances thousands of years ago through the epic battles in the twentieth century to cure, control, and conquer it to a radical new understanding of its essence. Physician, researcher, and award-winning science writer, Siddhartha Mukherjee examines cancer with a cellular biologist’s precision, a historian’s perspective, and a biographer’s passion. The result is an astonishingly lucid and eloquent chronicle of a disease humans have lived with—and perished from—for more than five thousand years. The story of cancer is a story of human ingenuity, resilience, and perseverance, but also of hubris, paternalism, and misperception. Mukherjee recounts centuries of discoveries, setbacks, victories, and deaths, told through the eyes of his predecessors and peers, training their wits against an infinitely resourceful adversary that, just three decades ago, was thought to be easily vanquished in an all-out “war against cancer.” The book reads like a literary thriller with cancer as the protagonist.
From the Persian Queen Atossa, whose Greek slave cut off her malignant breast, to the nineteenth-century recipients of primitive radiation and chemotherapy to Mukherjee’s own leukemia patient, Carla, The Emperor of All Maladies is about the people who have soldiered through fiercely demanding regimens in order to survive—and to increase our understanding of this iconic disease.
Riveting, urgent, and surprising, The Emperor of All Maladies provides a fascinating glimpse into the future of cancer treatments. It is an illuminating book that provides hope and clarity to those seeking to demystify cancer.
Breast Cancer StagesSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos
Breast Cancer Stages Biography
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Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that develops from breast cells. Breast cancer usually starts off in the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules that supply them with milk. A malignant tumor can spread to other parts of the body. A breast cancer that started off in the lobules is known as lobular carcinoma, while one that developed from the ducts is called ductal carcinoma.
The vast majority of breast cancer cases occur in females. This article focuses on breast cancer in women. To read about breast cancer in men (male breast cancer) click here.
Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in females worldwide. It accounts for 16% of all female cancers and 22.9% of invasive cancers in women. 18.2% of all cancer deaths worldwide, including both males and females, are from breast cancer.
Breast cancer rates are much higher in developed nations compared to developing ones. There are several reasons for this, with possibly life-expectancy being one of the key factors - breast cancer is more common in elderly women; women in the richest countries live much longer than those in the poorest nations. The different lifestyles and eating habits of females in rich and poor countries are also contributory factors, experts believe.
The anatomy of a female breast
Breast anatomy normal scheme
1. Chest wall. 2. Pectoralis muscles. 3. Lobules (glands that make milk). 4. Nipple surface. 5. Areola. 6. Lactiferous duct tube that carries milk to the nipple. 7. Fatty tissue. 8. Skin.
A mature human female's breast consists of fat, connective tissue and thousands of lobules - tiny glands which produce milk. The milk of a breastfeeding mother goes through tiny ducts (tubes) and is delivered through the nipple.
The vast majority of breast cancer cases occur in females. This article focuses on breast cancer in women. To read about breast cancer in men (male breast cancer) click here.
Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in females worldwide. It accounts for 16% of all female cancers and 22.9% of invasive cancers in women. 18.2% of all cancer deaths worldwide, including both males and females, are from breast cancer.
Breast cancer rates are much higher in developed nations compared to developing ones. There are several reasons for this, with possibly life-expectancy being one of the key factors - breast cancer is more common in elderly women; women in the richest countries live much longer than those in the poorest nations. The different lifestyles and eating habits of females in rich and poor countries are also contributory factors, experts believe.
The anatomy of a female breast
Breast anatomy normal scheme
1. Chest wall. 2. Pectoralis muscles. 3. Lobules (glands that make milk). 4. Nipple surface. 5. Areola. 6. Lactiferous duct tube that carries milk to the nipple. 7. Fatty tissue. 8. Skin.
A mature human female's breast consists of fat, connective tissue and thousands of lobules - tiny glands which produce milk. The milk of a breastfeeding mother goes through tiny ducts (tubes) and is delivered through the nipple.
The breast, like any other part of the body, consists of billions of microscopic cells. These cells multiply in an orderly fashion - new cells are made to replace the ones that died. In cancer, the cells multiply uncontrollably, and there are too many cells, progressively more and more than there should be.
Cancer that begins in the lactiferous duct (milk duct), known as ductal carcinoma, is the most common type. Cancer that begins in the lobules, known as lobular carcinoma, is much less common.
What is the difference between invasive and non-invasive breast cancer?
Invasive breast cancer - the cancer cells break out from inside the lobules or ducts and invade nearby tissue. With this type of cancer, the abnormal cells can reach the lymph nodes, and eventually make their way to other organs (metastasis), such as the bones, liver or lungs. The abnormal (cancer) cells can travel through the bloodstream or the lymphatic system to other parts of the body; either early on in the disease, or later.
Non-invasive breast cancer - this is when the cancer is still inside its place of origin and has not broken out. Lobular carcinoma in situ is when the cancer is still inside the lobules, while ductal carcinoma in situ is when they are still inside the milk ducts. "In situ" means "in its original place". Sometimes, this type of breast cancer is called "pre-cancerous"; this means that although the abnormal cells have not spread outside their place of origin, they can eventually develop into invasive breast cancer.
Cancer that begins in the lactiferous duct (milk duct), known as ductal carcinoma, is the most common type. Cancer that begins in the lobules, known as lobular carcinoma, is much less common.
What is the difference between invasive and non-invasive breast cancer?
Invasive breast cancer - the cancer cells break out from inside the lobules or ducts and invade nearby tissue. With this type of cancer, the abnormal cells can reach the lymph nodes, and eventually make their way to other organs (metastasis), such as the bones, liver or lungs. The abnormal (cancer) cells can travel through the bloodstream or the lymphatic system to other parts of the body; either early on in the disease, or later.
Non-invasive breast cancer - this is when the cancer is still inside its place of origin and has not broken out. Lobular carcinoma in situ is when the cancer is still inside the lobules, while ductal carcinoma in situ is when they are still inside the milk ducts. "In situ" means "in its original place". Sometimes, this type of breast cancer is called "pre-cancerous"; this means that although the abnormal cells have not spread outside their place of origin, they can eventually develop into invasive breast cancer.
Breast Cancer Stages
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Breast Cancer Stages
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Breast Cancer Stages
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Breast Cancer Stages
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Breast Cancer Stages
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Breast Cancer Stages
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Breast Cancer Stages
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Breast Cancer Stages
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Breast Cancer Stages
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Breast Cancer Stages
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Breast Cancer Stages
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Cancer Disease
Cancer Disease Biography
Source(google.com.pk)
All patients begin as storytellers, the oncologist Siddhartha Mukherjee observes near the start of this powerful and ambitious first book. Long before they see a doctor, they become narrators of suffering, as Mukherjee puts it — travelers who have visited the “kingdom of the ill.”
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Illustration by Anna Parini
THE EMPEROR OF ALL MALADIES
A Biography of Cancer
How Cancer Acquired Its Own Biographer (November 9, 2010)
Books of The Times: ‘The Emperor of All Maladies’ by Siddhartha Mukherjee (November 11, 2010)
Many doctors become storytellers too, and Mukherjee has undertaken one of the most extraordinary stories in medicine: a history of cancer, which will kill about 600,000 Americans by the end of this year, and more than seven million people around the planet. He frames it as a biography, “an attempt to enter the mind of this immortal illness, to understand its personality, to demystify its behavior.” It is an epic story that he seems compelled to tell, the way a passionate young priest might attempt a biography of Satan.
Mukherjee started on the road to this book when he began advanced training in cancer medicine at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston in the summer of 2003. During his first week, a colleague who’d just completed the program took him aside. “It’s called an immersive training program. But by immersive, they really mean drowning,” he said, lowering his voice the way many of us do when we speak of cancer itself. “Have a life outside the hospital,” the doctor warned him. “You’ll need it, or you’ll get swallowed.”
“But it was impossible not to be swallowed,” Mukherjee writes. At the end of every evening he found himself stunned and speechless in the neon floodlights of the hospital parking lot, compulsively trying to reconstruct the day’s decisions and prescriptions, almost as consumed as his patients by the dreadful rounds of chemotherapy and the tongue-twisting names of the drugs, “Cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, prednisone, asparaginase. . . .”
Eventually he started this book so as not to drown.
The oldest surviving description of cancer is written on a papyrus from about 1600 B.C. The hieroglyphics record a probable case of breast cancer: “a bulging tumor . . . like touching a ball of wrappings.” Under “treatment,” the scribe concludes: “none.”
For more than 2,000 years afterward, there is virtually nothing about cancer in the medical literature (“or in any other literature,” Mukherjee adds.) The modern understanding of the disease originated with the recognition, in the first half of the 19th century, that all plants and animals are made of cells, and that all cells arise from other cells. The German researcher Rudolph Virchow put that in Latin: omnis cellula e cellula.
Cancer is a disease that begins when a single cell, among all the trillions in a human body, begins to grow out of control. Lymphomas, leukemias, malignant melanomas, sarcomas all begin with that microscopic accident, a mutation in one cell: omnis cellula e cellula e cellula. Cell growth is the secret of living, the source of our ability to build, adapt, repair ourselves; and cancer cells are rebels among our own cells that outrace the rest. “If we seek immortality,” Mukherjee writes, “then so, too, in a rather perverse sense, does the cancer cell.”
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Lung Cancer Pictures Biography
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Lung cancer is a disease in which the cells of the lung tissues grow uncontrollably and form tumors. It is the leading cause of death from cancer among both men and women in the United States. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimated that in 1998, at least 172,000 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed, and that lung cancer accounted for 28% of all cancer deaths, or approximately 160,000 people. In 2002, the ACS reported that more than 150,000 Americans die from the disease every year. Only 15 percent of people with lung cancer will live five years.
Description
Types of lung cancer
There are two kinds of lung cancers, primary and secondary. Primary lung cancer (also called adenocarcinoma) starts in the lung itself. Primary lung cancer is divided into small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, depending on how the cells look under the microscope. Secondary lung cancer is cancer that starts somewhere else in the body (for example, the breast or colon) and spreads to the lungs.
Small cell cancer was formerly called oat cell cancer, because the cells resemble oats in their shape. About one-fourth of all lung cancers are small cell cancers. This type is a very aggressive cancer and spreads to other organs within a short time. It generally is found in people who are heavy smokers. Non-small cell cancers account for the remaining 75% of lung cancers. They can be further subdivided into three categories.
Incidence of lung cancer
Lung cancer is rare among young adults. It usually is found in people who are 50 years of age or older, with an average age at diagnosis of 60. While the incidence of the disease is decreasing among Caucasian men, it is steadily rising among African-American men, and among both Caucasian and African-American women. This change probably is due to the increase in the number of smokers in these groups. In 1987, lung cancer replaced breast cancer as the number one cancer killer among women.
Causes & symptoms
Causes
SMOKING. Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Ninety percent of lung cancers can be prevented by completely giving up tobacco. Smoking marijuana cigarettes is considered yet another risk factor for cancer of the lung. These cigarettes have a higher tar content than tobacco cigarettes. In addition, they are inhaled very deeply; as a result, the smoke is held in the lungs for a longer period of time.
EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS AND TOXIC CHEMICALS. Repeated exposure to asbestos fibers, either at home or in the workplace, also is considered a risk factor for lung cancer. Studies show that compared to the general population, asbestos workers are seven times more likely to die from lung cancer. Asbestos workers who smoke increase their risk of developing lung cancer by 50-100 times. Besides asbestos, mining industry workers who are exposed to coal products or radioactive substances, such as uranium, and workers exposed to chemicals, such as arsenic, vinyl chloride, mustard gas , and other carcinogens, also have a higher than average risk of contracting lung cancer.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION. High levels of a radioactive gas (radon) that cannot be seen or smelled pose a risk for lung cancer. This gas is produced by the breakdown of uranium, and does not present any problem outdoors. In the basements of some houses that are built over soil containing natural uranium deposits, however, radon may accumulate and reach dangerous levels. Having one's house inspected for the presence of radon gas when buying or renting is a good idea. Other forms of environmental pollution (e.g., auto exhaust fumes) also may slightly increase the risk of lung cancer.
In 2002, a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) linked for the first time long-term exposure to fine-particle air pollution to lung cancer deaths. The risk of death from lung cancer increased substantially for people living in the most heavily polluted metropolitan areas. Tiny particles from the air pollution emitted from coal-fired power plants, factories and diesel vehicles are to blame.
CHRONIC LUNG INFLAMMATION AND SCARRING . Inflammation and scar tissue sometimes are produced in the lung by diseases, such as silicosis and berylliosis, which are caused by inhalation of certain minerals, tuberculosis , and certain types of pneumonia . This scarring may increase the risk of developing lung cancer.
FAMILY HISTORY. Although the exact cause of lung cancer is not known, people with a family history of lung cancer appear to have a slightly higher risk of contracting the disease. In 2003, researchers were continuing work aimed at learning why some smokers were more susceptible to lung cancer than others. They discovered a type of DNA repair characteristic apparent in smokers who were less likely to get lung cancer. Continued work along these lines could lead to possible screening for DNA that makes some people at higher risk for lung cancer.
Lung Cancer Pictures
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Lung Cancer Pictures
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Lung Cancer Pictures
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Lung Cancer Pictures
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Lung Cancer Pictures
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Lung Cancer Pictures
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Lung Cancer Pictures
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Lung Cancer Pictures
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Lung Cancer Pictures
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Lung Cancer Pictures
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Lung Cancer Pictures
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Bladder CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos
Bladder Cancer Biography
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American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates 69,250 new cases of urinary bladder cancer in the United States in the year 2011, of which 52,020 would be males and 17,230 would be females. ACS also estimates 14,990 deaths to occur from bladder cancer in the year 2011, comprising 10,670 males and 4320 females.2 Approximately 70% to 80% of cases present with nonmuscle-invasive disease, and despite endoscopic and intravesical therapy, 50% to 70% will recur; 10% to 30% will progress to muscle-invasive disease. Most recurrences appear within 5 years, and the risk of tumor progression increases with higher-grade lesions.3 This underscores the importance of detection and treatment at early stages of disease.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a primary angiogenic factor.4 In the angiogenic pathway, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) upregulates VEGF expression, which directly stimulates angiogenesis, while other proangiogenic determinants stimulate endothelial cell migration.5 VEGF is a major determinant of the biological behavior of early bladder cancer.4 Findings from studies have shown that:
High VEGF expression is associated with disease progression4
VEGF is associated with decreased relapse-free and disease-free survival4
VEGF expression can be used as a prognostic marker in bladder cancer6
Higher levels of VEGF expression are associated with poorer prognosis7
VEGF is associated with microvessel density (MVD)8
This section of ResearchVEGF.com will describe research on the role of VEGF and angiogenesis in bladder cancer, including evidence and prevalence of VEGF expression in the disease, the relationship between VEGF and prognosis, VEGF as a predictive factor, and the correlation between VEGF and MVD.
For more information on a specific topic regarding VEGF and angiogenesis in bladder cancer, click on the links below.
Bladder Cancer
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Bladder Cancer
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Bladder Cancer
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Bladder Cancer
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Bladder Cancer
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Bladder Cancer
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Bladder Cancer
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Bladder Cancer
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Bladder Cancer
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Bladder Cancer
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Bladder Cancer
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Bone Cancer Symptoms Biography
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Caring.com User - Melanie Haiken
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Melanie Haiken answered...
Bone cancer can have many different signs and symptoms because there are several types of bone cancer. There is cancer that originates in the bone, called primary bone cancer, and See also:
What are the signs of bone cancer?
See all 1930 questions about Cancer there are tumors that spreads, or metastasizes, from other locations such as the breast, lungs, or prostate, to the bone. This is called metastatic or secondary bone cancer. Primary bone cancer is very rare (only 2500 cases per year) and is more common among children and young adults, but secondary bone cancer is more common among older adults. Multiple myeloma and leukemia are cancers of the bone marrow, the cells within bone that produce blood, so they have different symptoms.
The most common symptom of bone cancer is pain. Bone cancer pain is different than other types of pain because it may worsen at night, or during or after physical activity. It also tends to remain constant, unlike joint or muscle pain that you’d expect to wax and wane. Other signs of bone cancer include:
A lump
Tenderness in one spot
Swelling
An unexpected fracture because the bone is weakened
Anemia
Fever and chills
Weight loss
If you’re concerned about possible bone cancer, ask your doctor to order scans and blood tests. It’s particularly important to insist on tets if you are battling cancer in another area of your body or are a cancer survivor. If tests indicate possible cancer, a bone biopsy may be performed.
Other signs reported by bone cancer patients:
Some of the early signs of bone cancer may be confused with arthritis and other conditions. Some bone cancer patients report:
Bone Cancer Symptoms
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Bone Cancer Symptoms
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Bone Cancer Symptoms
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Bone Cancer Symptoms
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Bone Cancer Symptoms
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Bone Cancer Symptoms
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Bone Cancer Symptoms
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Bone Cancer Symptoms
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Bone Cancer Symptoms
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Bone Cancer Symptoms
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Bone Cancer Symptoms
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