Health

Source(google.com.pk)
Health Biography

Kathleen Sebelius was sworn in as the 21st Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) on April 28, 2009.  Since taking office, Secretary Sebelius has led ambitious efforts to improve America’s health and enhance the delivery of human services to some of the nation’s most vulnerable populations, including young children, those with disabilities, and the elderly.

As part of the historic Affordable Care Act, Secretary Sebelius is implementing reforms that end many of the insurance industry’s worst abuses, and will help 34 million uninsured Americans get health coverage.  Under the law, she is also carrying out policies that put a new focus on wellness and prevention, support the adoption of electronic medical records, and help recruit and train more primary care health providers.

In addition, Secretary Sebelius is working closely with doctors, nurses, hospital leaders, employers, and patients to slow the growth in health care costs through better care and better health.  And under her leadership, HHS has formed a historic partnership with the Department of Justice to stamp out health care fraud that has already returned record sums to the Medicare Trust Fund.

Secretary Sebelius is committed to ensuring that America continues to lead the world in innovation. Under her leadership, HHS is promoting public-private collaboration to bring life-saving treatments and medicines to market.  The Department is also working to build a 21st century food safety system that will prevent outbreaks before they occur.  And it is collaborating with the Department of Education, to help states increase the quality of early childhood education programs, and give parents more information to make the best choices for their children.

Secretary Sebelius also leads the nation’s emergency health response to crises and natural disasters, including the Haiti earthquake, the Gulf oil spill, and the Joplin, Missouri tornado. And as America’s top health official, she continues to work with our international partners to confront global health issues like polio, HIV/AIDS, and the growing costs of chronic disease around the world.

Forbes has named Secretary Sebelius one of the 100 most powerful women in the world. Before her Cabinet appointment in April, 2009, she served as Governor of Kansas beginning in 2003, where she was named one of America’s Top Five Governors by Time Magazine. From 1995 to 2003 she served as Kansas Insurance Commissioner. She was a member of the Kansas House of Representatives from 1987 to 1995.

Secretary Sebelius is the first daughter of a governor to be elected governor in American history; her father John Gilligan served as Ohio’s Governor from 1971-75. She holds a Master of Public Administration degree from the University of Kansas and a Bachelor of Arts degree from Trinity Washington University. She is married to Gary Sebelius, a federal magistrate judge. They have two sons, John and Ned, and a daughter-in-law, Lisa.

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Mental

Source(google.com.pk)
Mental Biography 
No cognitive state has been more misunderstood over the course of human history than dreaming. Dream science is affected by medical, psychological, social, and sleep variables, and the methodologies used to study dreams are inconsistent, at best. Still, dreaming is an important component of the human experience and the more we learn about dreaming, the more we can unlock the mysteries of the mind.
Dreams truly became part of the medical vernacular in the early 20th century after Freud and his supporters developed techniques for psychoanalysis and dream analysis, believing that dreaming was a reconstruction of emotional events in a person’s past. Freud’s dream theories emphasized the psychopathological associations of unusual dreams and his definitions eventually led to the theory of dreams as wish fulfillment. Dreams were also used in the treatment of mental illness.
Fifty years after Freud’s work, science was able to analyze sleep through polysomnography and sleep was electrophysiologically staged. The initial theory of dreams occurring during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has changed to an understanding that dreams occur in all stages of sleep. As medicine expanded its understanding of how the human body sleeps, the understanding of dreams diminished. Today, dreaming is considered mentation or cognition that occurs during sleep. As a culture, we have evolved away from the psychoanalytic definitions of dreams from a century ago.
Sleep is a subjective experience and its evidence-based study is limited by individual dream recall and associated pathophysiology. Dream recall varies with stage of sleep, and also varies with age, gender, and vocation. Recall is higher among women and young people, and is also higher among people with creative interests, indicating that dreaming may be a part of the creative process. Dream salience and intensity, as in nightmares, increases dream recall. A small percentage of individuals report no dream recall at all. Though rare, these individuals have no memory impairment and function completely normally in society.
Dreams are most often narratives that are nothing more than the mind organizing experiences into patterns. Dreams can be adaptive and problem-solving as the brain connects, compares, and integrates experiences and information. The content of dreams does not differ among ethnic groups, personality types, psychopathologic diagnoses, or socio-demographic categories. But, personal experiences and emotions – more often traumatic experiences — do influence dreams. Nightmares associated with posttraumatic stress disorder are frequent.
Chemicals also influence dreams. The primary neurotransmitter influencing sleep is acetylcholine; many pharmaceutical agents have anticholinergic activity, leading to the reported side effects of nightmares, hallucinations, and disordered dreaming. Stimulants and sedatives are the most commonly reported medications with such dream-altering side effects. Beta-blockers, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and type-1 antihistamines can also induce disordered dreaming and nightmares.
Dreams can also bring unwanted associations including arousal, sleep terrors, confusion and disorientation, incoherent vocalization, and fragmentary dream recall. Dream-related movement or paralysis can occur and often lead to intense stress for the dreamer. Sleep talking, anxiety and panic attacks, and partial epileptic seizures can cause embarrassment, insomnia, and daytime anxiety.
Dreams are the things that our mind thinks while we are sleeping. They can be analyzed from behavioral, anatomical, chemical, physiological, and pathological perspectives. While dreams do not carry the influence in diagnosing and treating mental illness as they once did, dreams are still an imperative aspect of our emotional functioning, since they organize and expose our experiences and emotions. Dreams are a part of who we are – individually and collectively – and the science of sleep and dreaming deserves attention from clinicians and patients,

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