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Information About Cancer Biography

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Otis W. Brawley, M.D., F.A.C.P., chief medical officer for the American Cancer Society, is responsible for promoting the goals of cancer prevention, early detection, and quality treatment through cancer research and education. He champions efforts to decrease smoking, improve diet, detect cancer at the earliest stage, and provide the critical support cancer patients need. He also guides efforts to enhance and focus the research program, upgrade the Society’s advocacy capacity, and concentrate community cancer control efforts in areas where they will be most effective. Further, as an acknowledged global leader in the field of health disparities research, Dr. Brawley is a key leader in the Society’s work to eliminate disparities in access to quality cancer care.

Dr. Brawley currently serves as professor of hematology, oncology, medicine and epidemiology at Emory University. From April of 2001 to November of 2007, he was medical director of the Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, and deputy director for cancer control at Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University. He has also previously served as a member of the Society’s Prostate Cancer Committee, co-chaired the U.S. Surgeon General’s Task Force on Cancer Health Disparities, and filled a variety of capacities at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), most recently serving as assistant director.

Dr. Brawley is a member of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Breast Cancer in Young Women. He was formerly a member of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection and Control Advisory Committee. He served as a member of the Food and Drug Administration Oncologic Drug Advisory Committee and chaired the National Institute of Health Consensus Panel on the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease. He is listed by Castle Connelly as one of America’s top doctors for cancer. Among numerous other awards, he was a Georgia Cancer Coalition Scholar and received the Key to St. Bernard Parish for his work in the U.S. Public Health Service in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.

Dr. Brawley is a graduate of University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine. He completed his internship at University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case-Western Reserve University, his residency at University Hospital of Cleveland, and his fellowship at the National Cancer Institute.

 Information About CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

 Information About CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

 Information About CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

 Information About CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

 Information About CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

 Information About CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

 Information About CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

 Information About CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

 Information About CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

 Information About CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

 Information About CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Symptoms Ovarian CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Symptoms Ovarian Cancer Biography

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Ovarian cancer is created by the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells and it can spread more widely in the stomach through the bloodstream or the lymph system where it can grow and form secondary tumours.

There are two main types of ovarian cancer. The most common (9 out of 10) is epithelial which affects the lining of the ovaries. There are several different types of epithelial ovarian cancer including the two most common – serous and endometrioid. Non-epithelial ovarian cancer is much less common. These include germ cell cancers that form from the cells in the ovary that make the eggs. These usually affect younger women.
Symptoms of ovarian cancer
One of the major problems in diagnosing ovarian cancer is that there are very few, if any, symptoms in the early stages which is why it is known as the ’silent killer’. Late detection is one reason why ovarian cancer is notoriously difficult to treat and the American Cancer Society estimates that 22,000 women in the United States are diagnosed with HGSOC each year, and 14,000 die of it. Worldwide, the incidence approaches 200,000 women with 115,000 deaths each year.

If there are symptoms, they can include stomach pain or a bloated feeling that can be confused with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Ovarian cysts and non-cancerous growths also cause the same symptoms as ovarian cancer.

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Symptoms Ovarian CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Symptoms Ovarian CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Symptoms Ovarian CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Symptoms Ovarian CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Symptoms Ovarian CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Symptoms Ovarian CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Symptoms Ovarian CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Symptoms Ovarian CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Symptoms Ovarian CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Symptoms Ovarian CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Breast Cancer Signs Sign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Breast Cancer Signs Biography

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FORT WAYNE and WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. - Matrix-Bio Inc., a diagnostics company that uses metabolite profiling to detect cancer and other diseases, has signed an exclusive global licensing and marketing agreement for metabolomic biomarkers with Quest Diagnostics (NYSE: DGX).

Quest is the world's leading provider of diagnostic information services. Under the agreement, Quest will have the rights to use the biomarkers for the future potential development of a clinical laboratory-developed test to aid in the detection of breast cancer recurrence. The company plans to independently develop and validate the laboratory-developed test from its Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute in San Juan Capistrano, Calif., where it houses a research, development and laboratory center.

The company will co-fund clinical studies with Matrix-Bio to demonstrate the clinical value of the test using the metabolomic biomarkers and, assuming successful validation, offer its own version of the test through the San Juan Capistrano laboratory and market the testing service in the United States and other countries. Quest Diagnostics also has the option to pursue an appropriate regulatory pathway for an in vitro diagnostic version of the test. Additional terms were not disclosed.

Matrix-Bio has developed a technique that uses mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify metabolic changes occurring in cancerous cells. In 2010 Cancer Research, a peer-reviewed publication of the American Association of Cancer Research, published Matrix-Bio's findings, Early Detection of Recurrent Breast Cancer Using Metabolite Profiling. Using metabolite-profiling methods, Matrix-Bio's laboratory-developed test correctly predicted a recurrence of breast cancer an average of 13 months before clinical diagnosis and two times the sensitivity of the current standard tests involving immunoassays.

"Our relationship with Matrix-Bio builds on Quest's leadership in oncology and mass spectrometry and moves us forward in the emerging field of metabolomic clinical diagnostics," said Jay Wohlgemuth, M.D., Quest's senior vice president, science and innovation. "It also delivers on a central tenet of our strategy to deliver a robust menu of services, in this case for breast cancer, which spans the continuum of care, from predisposition genetic testing to post-surgical monitoring."

Commenting on the agreement, Matrix-Bio founder and chief scientific officer Dan Raftery, Ph.D., said collaboration with a company of the stature of Quest Diagnostics could advance the potential commercialization of a novel breast cancer recurrence test.

"Since 2006 when we first started working on metabolite profiling as a cancer detection tool, we have had the ideal partner in mind to help bring this potentially life-saving technology to those at risk of cancer," Raftery said. "Licensing the biomarkers to Quest Diagnostics is a big step toward our goal to make improved and more efficient testing methods for diagnosing many forms of cancer available to physicians and patients. Quest has the people, processes and presence to bring a clinically valuable breast cancer recurrence test to market and, with it, hope to breast cancer survivors who want more accurate cancer recurrence monitoring."

Matrix-Bio is developing additional biomarkers that may provide the basis for tests for other cancers utilizing its patent-pending VeraMarker™ metabolite profiling technology platform. Raftery founded Matrix-Bio while a professor of analytical and physical chemistry at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind., where he received entrepreneurial support from the Purdue Research Foundation Office of Technology Commercialization.

Raftery is now a medical education and research endowed professor in the Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine and director of the Northwest Metabolomics Research Center at the University of Washington in Seattle. He is also a member of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (http://www.fhcrc.org) in Seattle. Raftery's work is supported by the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Defense.

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Breast Cancer SignsSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

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Breast Cancer SignsSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Breast Cancer SignsSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

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Bladder Tancer Treatment Sign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Bladder Cancer Treatment Biography

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 To investigate the effectiveness of bladder mucosal autograft for the treatment of vesicovaginal fistulae.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2005 and June 2011, 21 patients with a single vesicovaginal fistula above the trigone, not involving the ureters, underwent surgery. Bladder was approached extraperitoneally and opened in the midline. The mucosa around the fistula was incised and inverting sutures were placed over the fistula opening. The mucosal defect was covered by a free mucosal graft from the edge of cystotomy incision.
RESULTS: After catheter removal at 2 weeks, 18 patients (85 %) remained dry while one patient experienced urge incontinence, which resolved in a few days and another one still had urine leakage (although less than before the operation) that improved after another 3 weeks of bladder drainage. Only in one patient, the operation failed.
CONCLUSION: Short duration of hospitalization, simplicity of the procedure, avoidance of extensive bladder dissection, and extraperitoneal nature of the operation, along with a high success rate are the advantages of this procedure. This technique could be recommended for single fistulae not involving the ureters and not secondary to malignancies.

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Bladder Cancer TreatmentSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

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Bladder Cancer TreatmentSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Bladder Cancer TreatmentSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Bladder Cancer TreatmentSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Bladder Cancer TreatmentSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Bladder Cancer TreatmentSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

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 Skin Cancer Treatment Biography

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The skin is the body’s largest organ. It protects against heat, sunlight, injury, and infection. Skin also helps control body temperature and stores water, fat, and vitamin D. The skin has several layers, but the two main layers are the epidermis (upper or outer layer) and the dermis (lower or inner layer). Skin cancer begins in the epidermis, which is made up of three kinds of cells:

    Squamous cells: Thin, flat cells that form the top layer of the epidermis.
    Basal cells: Round cells under the squamous cells.
    Melanocytes: Cells that make melanin and are found in the lower part of the epidermis. Melanin is the pigment that gives skin its natural color. When skin is exposed to the sun, melanocytes make more pigment and cause the skin to darken.

Enlarge
Skin anatomy; drawing shows layers of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue including hair shafts and follicles, oil glands, lymph vessels, nerves, fatty tissue, veins, arteries, and a sweat gland.
Anatomy of the skin, showing the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.

Skin cancer can occur anywhere on the body, but it is most common in skin that is often exposed to sunlight, such as the face, neck, hands, and arms.

There are different types of cancer that start in the skin.

The most common types are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, which are nonmelanoma skin cancers. Nonmelanoma skin cancers rarely spread to other parts of the body. Melanoma is the rarest form of skin cancer. It is more likely to invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Actinic keratosis is a skin condition that sometimes becomes squamous cell carcinoma.

This summary is about nonmelanoma skin cancer and actinic keratosis. See the following PDQ summaries for information on melanoma and other kinds of cancer that affect the skin:

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Skin Cancer TreatmentSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

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Carcinoid CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

Carcinoid Cancer Biography

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Carcinoid syndrome is caused by carcinoid tumors, which are small slowly growing tumors of enterochromaffin cells. Carcinoids display a spectrum of aggressiveness with no clear distinguishing line between benign and malignant. The majority of carcinoid tumors do not cause significant clinical disease. Those tumors that behave more aggressively tend to cause nonspecific GI disturbances, such as intermittent pain and bloating, for many years before more overt symptoms develop.

Approximately 85% of carcinoid tumors are located in the GI tract, 10% in the lung, and 5% in various other sites including thymus, ovary, kidney, prostate, skin, and breast. The GI tract carcinoid tumors are subdivided into:
    Foregut carcinoids, arising from respiratory tract, stomach, pancreas or duodenum (15% of cases)
    Midgut carcinoids, occurring within jejunum, ileum, or appendix (70% of cases)
    Hindgut carcinoids, which are found in the colon or rectum (15% of cases)

The carcinoid syndrome consists of flushing, diarrhea, bronchoconstriction, wheezing, right heart valve disease, and fibrosis of endocardium, blood vessels, and skin. It is usually caused by midgut tumors, because foregut and hindgut neoplasms produce far lesser amounts of serotonin. Since midgut tumors drain into the portal circulation, which passes into the liver, symptoms do not usually occur until the tumor metastasizes to the liver and releases humoral factors directly into the systemic circulation.

The laboratory diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome relies on measurement of serum serotonin, urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and serum chromogranin A. In most cases, if none of these 3 analytes is elevated, carcinoids can be excluded as a cause of symptoms suggestive of carcinoid syndrome.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan. Once secreted, in concert with other gut hormones, 5-HT increases GI blood flow, motility, and fluid secretion. On first pass through the liver, between 30 and 80% of 5-HT is metabolized, predominately to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), which is water soluble and excreted by the kidneys. Ninety-percent of the remainder is metabolized in the lungs, also to 5-HIAA. Of the remaining 10%, almost all is taken up by platelets, where it remains until it is released during clotting, promoting further platelet aggregation.

In a symptomatic patient, a serum serotonin value of >400 ng/mL is suggestive of a carcinoid tumor. Metastatic carcinoid tumors show very high levels of serum serotonin, usually exceeding 1000 ng/mL. Serotonin production by disseminated carcinoid tumors can sometimes be so substantial that body tryptophan stores become depleted and clinical tryptophan deficiency, resembling pellagra (triad of diarrhea, dementia, and dermatitis), develops.

In patients with more advanced tumors, circulating 5-HT is elevated in nearly all patients with midgut tumors, but only in approximately 50% of those with foregut carcinoids, and 20% of individuals with hindgut tumors

Urinary 5-HIAA is elevated in almost all carcinoid-syndrome patients with midgut tumors, in about 30% of individuals with foregut carcinoids, but almost never in hindgut tumors.

5-HIAA levels usually exceed 15 mg per 24 hours. If two 24-hour urine collections during spells fail to reveal an increased 5 HIAA level, diagnosis of a functioning carcinoid is unlikely.

Chromogranin A is a protein which is found in secretory granules of endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues. Chromogranin A is almost always elevated in patients with symptomatic or metastatic carcinoid tumors. It is particularly valuable in diagnosing hindgut tumors because they usually do not secrete excessive amounts of serotonin and 5-HIAA.

Disease progression can be monitored in patients with serotonin-producing carcinoid tumors by measurement of 5-HT in blood. However, at levels above approximately 5,000 ng/mL, the serotonin storage capacity of platelets becomes limiting, and there is no longer a linear relationship between tumor burden and blood 5-HT levels. Urinary 5-HIAA and serum chromogranin A continue to increase in proportion to the tumor burden to much higher 5-HT production levels, and are therefore better suited for follow-up in patients with extensive disease.

Medications that may elevate serotonin concentrations include lithium, MAO-inhibitors, methyldopa, morphine, and reserpine. The observed levels are usually <400 ng/mL. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., fluoxetine) can lead to depletion of platelet

serotonin levels and result in false-negative blood 5-HT tests. The effects of drugs are more marked on urinary 5-HIAA levels than on blood 5-HT levels.

Serotonin- or tryptophan-rich foods (avocados, bananas, plums, walnuts, pineapple, eggplant, plantain, tomatoes, hickory nuts, kiwi, dates, grapefruit, cantaloupe, and honeydew melon) do not contribute significantly to blood 5-HT measurements, but can elevate urinary 5-HT and urinary 5-HIAA levels up to 10-fold. They should be avoided for 48 hours prior to the start of the collection.

Since most circulating 5-HT is contained in platelets, the preferred specimens for measurement either include all or most of the platelets, such as whole blood or serum from completely clotted specimens. Clotting releases most of the 5-HT from platelets.

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Carcinoid CancerSign Ribbon cells Horoscope Symbol Tattoos Research Zodiac Sign Ribbon Tattoos

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